Essay on Trade Marks (Key Notes)

Essay on Trade Marks (Key Notes) Essay on Trade Marks (Key Notes) The distinction between trademark infringement and unfair competition was that trademark infringement involved the imitation of distinct product identifiers, whereas in the case of unfair competition the imitated features were descriptive aspects of the product that served as an origin identifiers only because the public had come to associate them with a single source for the goods in question. McCarthy (2004) noted that during the twentieth century the element of intent gradually decreased in importance, and the concern for avoiding consumer confusion became paramount. Likelihood of confusion The key inquiry is whether the D’s false or misleading representation as to the origin of goods or services is likely to confuse the consuming public. The likelihood-of-confusion test inquires whether â€Å"an appreciable number of ordinarily prudent consumers† are likely to be misled or confused into believing that the junior’s product or service either originated with the senior user, or had some connection to the senior user. The consumer is not necessarily assumed to be highly intelligent, or to exercise high degree of care in purchasing decisions, but to posses those characteristics that are typical of buyers for the particular goods or services at issue. See the case of Volkswagen v Tatum â€Å"is not that of a careful and discriminating purchaser, but that of an ordinary and casual buyer, or perhaps even an ignorant, inexperienced and gullible purchaser†. See also Stork v Sahati and Coca-Cola v Snow Crest Beverages. Confus ion must be probable, not merely possible! (See A&H Sportswear v Victoria’s Secret Stores). As noted in Estee Lauder v Gap (1997) â€Å"the test is not whether confusion is possible, nor is it whether confusion is probable among customers who are not knowledgeable. Rather, the test is whether confusion is probable among numerous customers who are ordinarily prudent†. Factors: 1) Similarity of Marks 2) Strength of Plaintiff’s Mark – refers to its distinctiveness; In general, the stronger the plaintiff’s mark, the greater the likelihood of confusion 3) Consumer sophistication - More sophisticated consumers are presumed to be less easily confused than consumers who are less sophisticated, because they are presumed to have greater powers of discrimination, and thus exercise a higher degree of care, in making their purchasing decisions (Virgin Enters v Nawab). The courts consider the sophistication of the typical consumer who would encounter the junior user’s product or service. The average educational level of the relevant consumers can also be an important indicator of sophistication. 4) Actual confusion – it is difficult or impossible to demonstrate 5) Bridging the Gap – this factor considers whether the senior user is likely to expand into the junior user’s market; applies to geographic markets as well as product markets. 6) The D’s good faith – whether the junior user adopted its mark â€Å"with the intention of capitalizing on plaintiff’s reputation and goodwill and any confusion between the junior user’s and the senior user’s goods or services (see Pharmaceutical Co v Gillette Co). Bad faith may also be inferred from a junior user’s continued use of a mark after being notified of the senior user’s objections (see Mobil Oil Corp. v Pegasus and Kodak v Rakow). Passing off – it may be defined as a misrepresentation in the course of trade by one trader which damages the goodwill of another. It is a common law of tort, and its origin lie in the tort of deception. It has developed on a case-by-case basis and different factual situations have led to the expansion of the law. As Lord Oliver observed in Reckitt & Colman Products v Borden, the â€Å"Jif Lemon† case: â€Å"this is not a branch of the law in which reference to other cases is of any real assistance except analogically†. It is generally accepted that the modern law of passing off was first defined by Lord Parker in Spalding

How Introverts Can Master Networking

How Introverts Can Master Networking Networking can be daunting enough, without having to battle your own nature as an introvert as you navigate the tricky waters of small talk and collecting connections. Do you find yourself avoiding  networking events because you simply dread joining, initiating, or otherwise making conversations when you could be home on your couch with your dog and take-out and some nice, un-intimidating television? If you’re the type to skulk around a networking event using every trick in the book to avoid having to talk to anyone, then slinking home feeling sorry for yourself and like you wasted a perfectly good evening in, then you probably need a little boost. Believe it or not, there are other ways to manage networking events that don’t involve you constantly lapping from snack table to bar table to bathroom, looking at your phone for dear life as though the most important email of your career just came in, or staring off into the middle distance to avoid making eye contact with anyone by accident. These tricks are useful- and are probably your standard coping mechanism. But you don’t have to hide behind them all the time.Use your powers for good.Now might be the moment for you to realize that introverts are actually secret heroes when it comes to networking. You’re even at an advantage in certain situations. How could that be possible, you ask? When all around you, extroverts are landing business cards and launching into elevator pitches between sips of vodka tonic, and you’re still standing in the corner by the ficus plant?Turns out, people aren’t all that into being sold. Don’t forget that networking events are dominated by a room full of people trying to sell themselves. The confident ones look like they’re running the show, but it’s not so simple! They’re also the most aggressive, the most likely to steamroll into a conversation, rattle off their pitch, and move on like a mercenary to the next cl ump of possible connections. Meanwhile, there’s a whole world of shadow networking taking place- the kind that doesn’t even look like networking- and that is simple conversation. Real human connection.That’s where introverts come in. Introverts are great at listening when others blather on. They’re usually interested in other people, and relieved not to have to be doing all the talking. You can use your introvert status to be the favorite conversation partner of everybody’s night, simply by letting them talk, and making a few intelligent comments now and then to show that you’re really listening. Who knows! You might even come to find you get so absorbed in the conversation that you forget to be nervous and intimidated.Be yourself- don’t fight it.The major take away is this: if you’re an introvert and afraid of networking, stop trying to force yourself into the extrovert mold. There are ways to accomplish what extroverts accomp lish, all while remaining true to your introverted, crowd-averse self. The first step might be to really know and honor your limits. Are you just a shell of a person after 9 p.m.? Don’t agree to any meetings or functions in the later evening. Are you pretty good at sussing out which events will actually be fruitful or productive for you? Avoid the ones that aren’t. (Just make sure to attend the ones that are- religiously.)It’s not just that you’re shy. It’s that you’re thrown off by environments that are noisy and overwhelming- that doesn’t make you any less of an asset or a good connection. That just means you have to find introverted ways to get through an event that you would otherwise find quite challenging. The best strategy there is to be as prepared as possible. Do your homework. Is there anyone at the event you’d particularly like to meet? What are your goals for the evening? What sort of advice or information are you l ooking to acquire? Bone up on the people or companies you’re trying to sidle up to. Come up with a handful of questions to have at the ready. Write them down and rehearse them ahead of time until they feel natural enough coming out of your mouth. Don’t worry about being clever or hilarious. Keep it simple, be yourself, be prepared- and you’ll never put your foot in your mouth trying to do verbal backflips to impress someone.Show up early.If you’re one of the first people there, you can take advantage of the fact that most early birds feel awkward enough hovering by the canapà ©s before the crowd gets going. Take advantage of this leveling of the nervousness playing field by offering up conversational life rafts to your fellow early birds. Groups won’t have formed yet that you’d have to wiggle your way into. You might even find a buddy you can network with all night. Or you can get most of what you came for before the room is totally full an d sounds of people chatting and glasses tinkling are bouncing off the walls and making you super anxious.Set a goal of meeting a handful of people. Getting a few answers, business cards, etc. Once you hit your quota, unless there’s some big-ticket person there you’re dying to get in front of, you can give yourself permission to sneak out having succeeded for the night.Relax and try to keep it light.Desperation doesn’t look very good on anyone. Be yourself. Use your quiet calm as an asset- you’ll look far more confident than you feel and you might even appear to have a certain degree of gravitas or other kinds of commanding presence. Listen, listen, listen. And remember to take a bit of time for yourself. Head out to the lobby and sit down for a moment with your phone. Go to the loo and splash some water on your face. Take deep breaths. It will all be over soon.Be compassionate for your fellow introverts.They are out there. And keep in mind that even extro verts get scared of networking events. If you think everyone else in the room is just as insecure or uncomfortable with the process as you are, you’re probably right. And even if you aren’t, it will help you to approach people like humans, not just as â€Å"contacts† or connections for your LinkedIn empire.Reward yourself for doing something challenging.Keep your eye on the prize, whatever you’ve decided that should be- a massage? a pedicure? a new golf club? an order of take-out french fries or a milkshake on your way home? Treat yourself to something, however small, when you get through a networking event. The promise of that treat, even if it’s just a hot bath when you get home, can be a powerful motivator for you to get in, get out, and still get things done.Go your own way.And if you’re still just flummoxed by the big conference hotel ballroom mingle, or the meet-n-greet harbor booze cruise, try making yup your own networking strategy. Start an â€Å"interest group† of friends and colleagues and friends-of-colleagues and colleagues-of-colleagues that are all united under a common interest. Make your â€Å"networking events† stand singular and apart as intimate, smaller gatherings. Set new trends. Host dinner parties. Or get invited to them- rather than the big corporate name tag mixers. It’s totally possible for you to make your own networking environment. You might even be way ahead of the game.Don’t worry so much.Above all, remember to use your intuition. You know yourself best. And you probably are better at reading a crowd than you think you are- and better than the bull-headed extroverts running around pimping themselves out. Think before speaking. Observe before you offer. Ask questions and let others talk about themselves as you get comfortable in the conversation- they will love you for it! One of your best secret weapons is your reserve. You’ll never be suspected of fals e enthusiasm or over eagerness if you simply stay true to your own introversion and study the social cues of people in your conversation before making any contributions. You may even be projecting a sort of social poise you never knew you had- simply by not trying too hard to be an extrovert when you just aren’t!What you shouldn’t do is cower in the corner- or only spend time talking to the three people in the room you already know. If you find yourself in this position, don’t panic. Just try a new maneuver. Ask your pals for help. Is there someone there they know that they could introduce you to, perhaps? Or help you make an introduction? Or simply come with you to the bar so you can join another conversation with a buddy by your side?There are a ton of useful tools out there for you, as an introvert, to wield. Including some secret weapons you didn’t even realize you had. When you start thinking of your nature as an introvert as something that could hel p you, rather than hinder you professionally, you can start to cultivate a system that works for you.

Epoch Of The Grand Tour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Epoch Of The Grand Tour - Essay Example Typically, the Grand Tour included visiting the most famous cities of France, Italy, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands with Calais, Paris, Turin, Venice, Naples, Florence, and Rome being the primary goals. The Grand Tourist would journey from city to city and typically spend weeks in smaller cities and some months in each of the three key cities. Travel was not easy in the eighteenth century. The most popular crossing of the English Channel was made from Dover to Calais, France. A trip from Dover across the Channel to Calais and onto Paris routinely took three days. The crossing of the Channel was not a trouble-free one. There were hazards of seasickness, illness, and even shipwreck. The journey from France to Italy could be done by the  sea  where the tourist faced the danger of pirates, or by land by sedan chair over the Alps, where constricted passes made travel an expedition in terror. If the tourist chose to sail to Italy rather than scale the Alps, he would first journey to the south of France. The English were delighted by the warm weather, sunshine and the fields of lavender, calling Provence â€Å"almost  Paradise†. To sail across the Gulf of Genoa, a tourist engaged a fishing boat in Marseilles or Nice. The Gulf of Genoa was notorious for its sudden squalls. The hazard of storm and shipwreck or attack by pirates hovered, but it could be much faster than the long laborious trek through the mountains, and the alpine passes were closed in the winter. Many Grand Tourists chose to either begin or end their tour in Holland. The Dutch were the kings of trade in the 18th century, and passage home to England could be booked on one of their superb  merchants ships (Buzard 42).... However, the idea of traveling for the sake of learning and education - the key idea underlying the Grand Tour - was a relatively new one even in the 18th century (Brodsky-Porges 173). Although representatives of other European nations adopted the same belief that genuine knowledge comes exclusively from the external senses, the Grand Tour is essentially a British invention: at that time Great Britain was the wealthiest country in the world with extremely numerous upper class representatives of which had both the time and the wealth to spend years traveling around the world. As a result, young English elites often spent from several months to several years traveling around Europe in an effort to see the cultural artifacts of antiquity and the Renaissance, learn languages, architecture, geography, culture, and visit other aristocratic societies of Europe (Brodsky-Porges 173-174). Typically, the Grand Tour included visiting the most famous cities of France, Italy, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands with Calais, Paris, Turin, Venice, Naples, Florence, and Rome being the primary goals. The Grand Tourist would journey from city to city and typically spend weeks in smaller cities and some months in each of the three key cities. Travel was not easy in the eighteenth century. The most popular crossing of the English Channel was made from Dover to Calais, France. A trip from Dover across the Channel to Calais and onto Paris routinely took three days. The crossing of the Channel was not a trouble-free one. There were hazards of seasickness, illness, and even shipwreck. The journey from France to Italy could be done by sea' where the

BADM grad assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BADM grad - Assignment Example This is carried out either by making a proposal or provision of other options. Certain tasks are then pressed down to corporate units where there is maximum experience. People with input tasks are later on requested to offer applicable information through efficient decisions based on evaluation of facts, instead of looking for judgment on management. RAPID decision-making model can be used to clarify process tasks and accountabilities the dedication to the point the organization takes action. Good transaction judgment provides a grasp on the trade-offs in accordance with the roles and tasks of all workers in the organization. Roles and responsibilities create an awareness of the group that will fulfill the decision of the organization. The RAPID model is best suited for decision-making teamwork, while the RACI model is best suited for implementation teams. The RAPID model will also focus more on the function of every member in the team while making the decision in order to entice the recruitment of more experienced people. The RACI model intentionally operates within execution plan to initiate numerous downstream decisions that surface frequently. Even though both decision-making models follow al principles concerning assigning of tasks and responsibilities, the high effect of the RAPID model calls for transparency around import ant decision-making roles for all individuals in the team. The IOPT model is a simple instrument that determines that style to be used when creating answers to a survey. The evaluation of the IOPT model involves four styles and patterns. The â€Å"Snowflake† graphic, transparencies, â€Å"your way† table and Chickenpox are the styles employed by the IOPT models. The â€Å"Snowflake† graphic are templates that recognize features linked to different planned patterns. The patterns have been designed to superimpose individual groups’ profiles. These

The Challenging Triad of Access to Technology: Resources, Strategies…and Acceptance :: Technological Essays

The Challenging Triad of Access to Technology: Resources, Strategies†¦and Acceptance Access is the breeze through the window of interest. --Richard Saul Wurman (21) In his extremely provocative book, Information Anxiety 2, Richard Saul Wurman provides the definition of access as â€Å"the breeze through the window of interest†. (21). I really like this definition in a number of ways, particularly since it evokes a more dynamic approach toward understanding the role of access in the cosmos of technology. While his other thoughts in that book are not comprehensive in terms of our interest in pedagogy and technology, he does manage to put his finger on the spot that hurts: that â€Å"access signifies the ability to do what everybody else can do and to make use of what everybody else can use; access means the liberty to take advantage of resources.† (21) Yes, there it is: the point that has caused so much angst and pain in the supposedly glittery world of modern technocracy. At a time when we have the need for the widest, most open public access to experience and information that might, as Wurman says, â€Å"giv[e] people new ways to look at their environment and their lives,† scholars like Bertram Bruce, Charles Moran, and Lester Faigley are also warning us about a number of obstacles that can restrict access. (Bruce, Moran, Faigley) Since I had major roles (writer, editor, Interim Media Services Coordinator) in preparing the first action plan for technology at Washtenaw Community College, I was again astonished, in this discussion, by just how complex the issue of adequate access remains. To my mind, the kind of access that Wurman and the others have in mind depends on a triad of resources, strategies, and, what shall we call it, acceptance. Wurman is able to point toward the complexity of understanding what access represents when he also provides a graphic designed by Nathan Shedroff called â€Å"An Overview of Understanding† (see Figure 1). (27) This graphic captures the dynamics of how information can move, as it is shaped by producers and consumers, from being data to wisdom—or, to put it in other terms, from research creation/gathering/discovery to contemplation/evaluation/interpretation/retrospection. (27) What might make all this possible? You guessed it: adequate access. Perhaps the easiest portion of the triad to define is the scope of the resources. The Challenging Triad of Access to Technology: Resources, Strategies†¦and Acceptance :: Technological Essays The Challenging Triad of Access to Technology: Resources, Strategies†¦and Acceptance Access is the breeze through the window of interest. --Richard Saul Wurman (21) In his extremely provocative book, Information Anxiety 2, Richard Saul Wurman provides the definition of access as â€Å"the breeze through the window of interest†. (21). I really like this definition in a number of ways, particularly since it evokes a more dynamic approach toward understanding the role of access in the cosmos of technology. While his other thoughts in that book are not comprehensive in terms of our interest in pedagogy and technology, he does manage to put his finger on the spot that hurts: that â€Å"access signifies the ability to do what everybody else can do and to make use of what everybody else can use; access means the liberty to take advantage of resources.† (21) Yes, there it is: the point that has caused so much angst and pain in the supposedly glittery world of modern technocracy. At a time when we have the need for the widest, most open public access to experience and information that might, as Wurman says, â€Å"giv[e] people new ways to look at their environment and their lives,† scholars like Bertram Bruce, Charles Moran, and Lester Faigley are also warning us about a number of obstacles that can restrict access. (Bruce, Moran, Faigley) Since I had major roles (writer, editor, Interim Media Services Coordinator) in preparing the first action plan for technology at Washtenaw Community College, I was again astonished, in this discussion, by just how complex the issue of adequate access remains. To my mind, the kind of access that Wurman and the others have in mind depends on a triad of resources, strategies, and, what shall we call it, acceptance. Wurman is able to point toward the complexity of understanding what access represents when he also provides a graphic designed by Nathan Shedroff called â€Å"An Overview of Understanding† (see Figure 1). (27) This graphic captures the dynamics of how information can move, as it is shaped by producers and consumers, from being data to wisdom—or, to put it in other terms, from research creation/gathering/discovery to contemplation/evaluation/interpretation/retrospection. (27) What might make all this possible? You guessed it: adequate access. Perhaps the easiest portion of the triad to define is the scope of the resources.

Progressive Rock Legacy Essay

Music is a form of expression that allows artist to share their experiences with others. A critical time in the progression of music especially rock music came about in the 1960’s. Many Individuals during that time turned to music to ease the troubles going on in the world. The hippie movement was a new phenomenon that came about during this time period. Drugs and sex became very popular amongst the people who were into rock music and part of the hippie movement. People of this counterculture turned away from the norms of life and wanted a much simpler life. This counterculture allowed music to improper for the time period and the revolution of rock music. Bob Dylan was one of the first to introduce progressive rock music. He was doing a show at a folk music concert when he plugged in his electric guitar while singing folk music. People in the crowed were outrage, but in due time the music caught on. Bob Dylan combined bluegrass with rock music and created masterpieces. His spontaneity and creativity allowed listeners to slowly ease into a new type of music. The Beatles, like Bob Dylan, created new sounds for their audiences. Given that the Beatles were very popular, they could experiment more than most artists without the fear of failure. The Beatles added lyrics about racy subjects that would have appalled many people just a couple years before. Since the Beatles were so popular and they exposed the public to this new progressive rock music, it allowed other artist to join the progressive rock era. Progressive rock music cannot easily be defined. The music includes new sounds, jam sessions, trippy noises, and combining all sort of musical genres into one. White middle aged, middle class kids normally listened to this type of music. Largely influenced by the music, many of these listeners had a very different view of the world from their parents. These kids liked the experiences they got while listing to progressive rock music. It was something that they could talk about with their friends and not their parents. This was known as the generation gap. The idea of love, freedom, and minimal materialistic needs among these young listeners lead to a movement known as the â€Å"Hippie Movement†. The hippies had a completely different view of the world than those living in normal society. Instead of finding happiness in families, jobs, and nice things, hippies found happiness in the non-materialistic things in life. The hippies no longer spent money on an education, nice clothes, or even a shelter. Second hand stuff was popular amongst this movement. Love once meant marriage, but the hippie saw it in a different light. Everyone loved everyone and sex was very common. The hippie counterculture did not frown on making love without being married. Many of these people had multiple partners and that was accepted. Countless number of the songs during the sixties agreed with the hippie counterculture. Songs such as â€Å"Like a Rolling Stone† by the Beatles talked about how well educated people dropped out of society to live a simple life. The song addresses issues such as having no direction and having to scrounge for the next meal. The hippies did not mind living this kind of live style. Other songs such as â€Å"Love me Do† also by the Beatles, although very simple explain the sex culture between the hippies. Lyrics such as â€Å"Someone to love, Somebody new, Someone to love, Someone like you† showed it did not matter who you were loving as long as you were open to new experiences. The reason why people of the hippie movement liked to listen to this new type of rock music and join a counterculture that goes against everything normal in society is because the listener is free to interoperate the music any way they wanted. Unlike in real life no one is telling the listener what to do or think. The hippies were about individualism and freedom to express and the music let them experience that. A normal conversation between two hippies would be about what they thought the music was trying to convey and how the music made them feel. They would learn from each other and were free to think what they wanted. The principal common thread that was apart of not only the hippie movement, but also most of the artist of the late sixties that was part of the counterculture and progressive rock music was drugs. Drugs such as marijuana and acid were very popular within the hippie culture because it allowed them to escape reality and opened their minds to the music. It was a way for the hippies to feel the music in a way they could not when they sober. The feeling of being apart of the song not just listening to the song was key for the hippies listening to the music. The drugs allowed the mind to escape and enjoy the present time. A quote from Tony (ask jarl his last name), a famous musician, nails why the drugs such as marijuana and acid were so popular for people listening to music. Tony states, â€Å"I think if you smoke (marijuana) this enables you to sit back and relax more than anything, and let’s you listen (to music), you know, without any hang-ups, you sit back and listen. Whereas with acid you see right into the music it’s a bigger thing altogether. You hear things on Pink Floyd on acid, well I do, that I don’t hear when I’m straight. When on drugs the listener can interoperate the meaning of the songs in a completely different manner then if the listener is sober. Going along with the counterculture of the hippie movement, freedom is key and drug allowed hippies to think freely when listening to the new and improved groovy tracks. Expression did not only come in the form of talking amongst the hippies. Hippies at live shows while on acid would expression themselves through dance. The acid allowed the listener to dance whatever way the music made them feel. This goes back to the individualism that was so important to the hippie movement. People did not judge one another by the way they dance, everyone was so into the music that they were oblivious to what was going on next to them. Another form of expression was the light shows during live performances. Artist would combine very colorful lightshows to enhance the viewing experience of the listener. A very popular visual effect would be projecting oil and water onto a big screen. Combining great music and stimulating visual effects with drugs such as acid caused the hippie culture to be infatuated with live shows. Live shows were so popular and it would allow artist to be exposed. Without the live shows, artist would not have got nearly as much exposure to new fans. Many of the artist in the sixties were joining in on the counterculture and experimenting with drugs. By using drugs the artist became more experimental and could connect with the listeners. While writing artist could keep the listeners in mind and right music that would be stimulating to everyone. Drawn out solos and experimenting with all different types of sounds were encouraged. Songs included very interesting noises such as sounds of animals locked up in cages and sounds of love making between groups of people. These were included to allow the listener to interoperate the song in a way that made sense to them. A great example of an artist that connected with his audience and joined in on the counterculture of the sixties was Jimmy Hendrix. He would talk about his experiences with the drugs such is so in the song â€Å"Purple Haze†. This would allow the audience to connect with him. Not only was Jimmy Hendrix making great music, but he was also part of the listener’s counterculture. Jimmy also included sick Guitar licks in his music. Real groovy stuff. His guitar sounded like it was telling a story all by itself. The counterculture of the 1960’s that included the hippie movement, the expression of freedom, love and drugs, all contributed to the great music that was produced during that time. It helped music become progressive rock music. The progression was attributed to both the artist and the followers. If the artist did not have the hippie movement, the culture would have been much different and the music would not have been so experimental. Drugs, part of the hippie movement, were very important to this movement as well. The artist could create sounds that allowed listeners to get lost in the music. The artist themselves would create the music and while being lost in it themselves. One of the key virtues that everyone of this movement followed was finding one self. The music of this time period help individual find themselves. As quoted by Harry (ask Jarl his last name), â€Å"It (the music) played a big part in making me the way I am now†. Many of these people that listened and experienced progressive rock music to the fullest would agree with Harry.

Introduction to the French Imperative Mood

The imperative, called limpà ©ratif in French, is a verb mood which is used to: give an orderexpress a desiremake a requestoffer advicerecommend something Unlike all other French verb tenses and personal moods, the subject pronoun is not used with the imperative: Fermez la porte.Close the door. Mangeons maintenant.Lets eat now.Ayez la bontà © de mattendre.Please wait for me. Veuillez mexcuser.Please excuse me. The above are called affirmative commands, because they are telling someone to do something. Negative commands, which tell someone not to do something, are made by placing ne in front of the verb and the appropriate negative adverb after the verb: Ne parle pas!Dont speak! Noublions pas les livres.Lets not forget the books. Nayez jamais peur.Never be afraid. The imperative is not the only way to tell someone what to do in French — its how you give orders in French. French imperative conjugations are relatively simple. There are only three grammatical persons that can be used in the imperative:  tu,  nous, and  vous, and most of the conjugations are the same as the present tense — the only difference is that the  subject pronoun  is not used in the imperative. -ER Verbs Imperative Mood Conjugations   -ER verbs  (regular, stem-changing,  spelling change, and irregular): The imperative conjugations for  nous  and  vous  are the same as the present indicative, and the  tu  form of the imperative is the indicative minus the  final s:parler(tu) parle(nous) parlons(vous) parlezlever(tu) là ¨ve(nous) levons(vous) levezaller(tu) va(nous) allons(vous) allezVerbs which are conjugated like -ER verbs (meaning that in the indicative the  tu  form ends in -es), such as  ouvrir  and  souffrir, follow the same rules as -ER verbs.ouvrir(tu) ouvre(nous) ouvrons(vous) ouvrez -IR and -RE Verbs Imperative Mood Conjugations   -IR verbs  and  -RE verbs: The imperative conjugations for all regular and most* irregular -IR and -RE verbs are the same as the present indicative conjugations.finir(tu) finis(nous) finissons(vous) finissezattendre(tu) attends(nous) attendons(vous) attendezfaire(tu) fais(nous) faisons(vous) faites*Except for verbs conjugated like -ER verbs and the following four irregular imperative verbs:avoir(tu) aie(nous) ayons(vous) ayezà ªtre(tu) sois(nous) soyons(vous) soyezsavoir(tu) sache(nous) sachons(vous) sachezvouloir(tu) veuille(nous) n/a(vous) veuillez Negative Imperatives The order of words in a French sentence can be very confusing due to affirmative and negative imperative constructions and object and adverbial pronouns. Remember that there are two kinds of imperatives, affirmative and negative, and the word order is different for each of them. Negative imperatives are  easier  because their  word order  is the same as that of  all other simple verb conjugations: any object, reflexive, and/or adverbial pronouns precede the verb and the  negative structure  surrounds the pronoun(s) verb:Finis!  - Finish!Ne finis  pas!  - Dont finish!Ne le finis  pas!  - Dont finish it!Lisez!  - Read!Ne  lisez  pas!  - Dont read!Ne le  lisez  pas!  - Dont read it!Ne me le  lisez  pas!  - Dont read it to me! Affirmative Commands Affirmative commands are more complicated, for several reasons. 1.  The word order is for affirmative commands is different from that of all other verb tenses/moods: any pronouns follow the verb and are connected to it and to each other with  hyphens.Finis-le!  - Finish it!Allons-y!  - Lets go!Mangez-les!  - Eat them!Donne-lui-en!  - Give him some! 2.  The order of the pronouns in affirmative commands is slightly different from all other verb tenses/moods (see table at the bottom of the page):Envoie-le-nous!  - Send it to us!Expliquons-la-leur!  - Lets explain it to them!Donnez-nous-en!  - Give us some!Donne-le-moi!  - Give it to me! 3.  The pronouns  me  and  te  change to the  stressed pronouns  moi  and  toi...Là ¨ve-toi!  - Get up!Parlez-moi!  - Talk to me!Dis-moi!  - Tell me!...unless they are followed by  y or en, in which case they  contract  to  m  and  tVa-ten!  - Go away!Faites-my  penser.  - Remind me about it. 4.  When a  tu  command is followed by the pronouns  y or en, the final s is not dropped from the verb conjugation:Vas-y!  - Go away!Parles-en.  - Talk about it.